Understanding Fibromuscular Dysplasia: Symptoms, Causes, and Management
Fibromuscular Dysplasia (FMD) is a rare vascular disorder that affects the arteries by causing abnormal cell growth in the walls. This irregular development often leads to narrowing, aneurysms, or dissections of arteries, which can reduce or disturb blood flow to different organs. The condition is most commonly seen in middle-aged women and frequently involves the renal and carotid arteries, although other blood vessels can also be affected.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of Fibromuscular Dysplasia remains uncertain, but researchers believe it results from a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences. Family history may increase the likelihood of developing FMD, suggesting a hereditary connection. The condition is also more common in women, pointing toward the possible role of hormones such as estrogen. In addition, lifestyle choices, such as smoking, have been linked to worsening arterial damage. Some experts also suggest that abnormalities in the formation of blood vessels during growth could play a role in its development.
Symptoms and Complications
The symptoms of FMD depend largely on which arteries are affected. When the renal arteries are involved, patients may experience high blood pressure, kidney dysfunction, or flank pain. If the carotid or vertebral arteries are affected, individuals often report headaches, dizziness, or a ringing sound in the ears, and in severe cases, they may experience transient ischemic attacks or even strokes. Rarely, FMD may involve other arteries such as those supplying the intestines or limbs, leading to abdominal pain or discomfort in the arms or legs. Without proper treatment, complications like aneurysm rupture or arterial dissection can occur, which makes early diagnosis vital.
Diagnosis
Diagnosing Fibromuscular Dysplasia requires imaging techniques that allow doctors to see changes in the arteries. CT angiography and MR angiography are commonly used to visualize narrowing or aneurysms, while Doppler ultrasound is helpful in evaluating blood flow, especially in the renal and carotid arteries. In some cases, catheter-based angiography is performed, which remains the gold standard for diagnosis as it reveals the typical “string of beads” pattern associated with FMD.